Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is growing exponentially worldwide at an epidemic proportion.
A look at the Mechanisms that links Oxidative Stress in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Compiled from Various articles
This chronic disorder has a negative effect on most metabolic pathways and contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes complications of Diabetic complications result in considerable morbidity and mortality leading to major healthcare delivery costs. Although there are several studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of diabetes complications.Their precise pathophysiology is not completely understood. One of the major mechanisms for the development of diabetes complications is through oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress develops when the rate of free radical generation exceeds the antioxidant defence systems resulting in the toxic effects of free radicals. Free radical species are important physiological components in biological homeostasis, but 95% of patients with diabetes and is mainly linked to inadequate response to insulin (reduced insulin sensitivity) and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.
Gestational diabetes is another subtype of DM which occurs in pregnant women due to hormonal variations during pregnancy. The other forms of DM are maturity-onset diabetes of the young which is a genetic form of diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, and secondary diabetes resulting from other pathologies such as pancreatitis or secondary to the use of medications such as corticosteroids.
How do Our Bodies defend against Oxidative Stress with the aid of Antioxidant Defense System in ? Cells?
Most biologic cells have an auto defence mechanism involving various enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GLT), which protect cells against free radical attack. Unfortunately, we start losing the ability to produce these from as early as ± 20 years of age and by ± 40 it is drastically reduced tapering off to almost nothing thereafter as in the graph below.
Figure 1. Relationship between degenerative disease increase and the decrease in S.O.D and age.
What are reactive Oxygen or Free Radicals?
Reactive oxygen is a normal by-product of converting glucose to energy and it occurs inside our cells. About 2 - 3% of our oxygen uptake during respiration is converted to reactive oxygen. It is also caused by stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, ultraviolet rays, environmental pollution, etc. About 57 600cc of reactive oxygen is made in the body every day.
The Links between Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance
A common solution recommended to combat the destructive effects of free radicals is to consume antioxidants, such as vitamin C, E, co- enzyme etc. Dr Kim of KYK, states it's easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for vitamins to function at cellular level. ?We fill our bodies with antioxidant supplements and we try to eat healthily, but ?.
Vitamins C and E, along with Coenzyme Q10, are too large to pass through the cell membranes. If you consider that vitamin E, for example, is hydrophobic (hates) water, but the cells consist of water inside the cell membrane, and vitamin C cannot pass through the membrane, there is limited benefit to taking these supplements,? he adds
Figure 2: The molecular mechanisms between oxidative stress and beta-cell dysfunction leading to diabetes mellitus. Pdx-1: insulin promoter factor 1; MafA: a transcription factor; TLRs: toll-like receptors; Nf-?b: nuclear factor kappa b; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen activated protein kinases; JNK/SAPK: stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase.
For a detailed description on the molecular mechanisms please read the full published paper in our published papers section of the Knowledge Center heading of our website. https://kyksa.com/papers-publication
ENTER MOLECULAR HYDROGEN WATER AND GAS
The strongest non-toxic antioxidant currently known to man, is 176 times stronger than vitamin C and 863 times stronger than Coenzyme Q10.
Drinking 1.5 liters of therapeutic hydrogen water per day is equal to the antioxidant effects of 756 bananas or 516 apples and, as the adage goes, an apple a day keeps the doctor away!
The Most Effective removal of the harmful Hydroxyl Radical is therefore without doubt, Molecular Hydrogen. Hydrogen is the smallest and lightest substance in the universe. It is both water and fat soluble (unlike most vitamins). It is the only antioxidant that can easily cross the blood/ membrane barrier and reach the brain and it offers selective removal of hydroxyl and bad radicals only. It has two more ?tricks? up its sleeve;
· Because of it very strong antioxidant properties it also down regulates the production of Cytokines, which are the triggers for so called cytokine storms or what we experience as inflammation.
· Even as long as 2 to 3 weeks after using Hydrogen water or gas Hydrogen still impacts the very building blocks of our bodies, the genes the carry the messages or blueprints for cellular growth and regeneration. Hydrogen possesses the ability to repair Oxidative Stress damaged genes, in other words it resets the code for life, leading to the reproduction of normal healthy cells.
Because of these unique set of properties, Hydrogen has a profound impact on diseases that are a result of oxidative stress and run-away inflammation, which is one of the main causes of the various variants of Diabetes. Ref. Figure 3 and 4 below
Figure 3: Oxidative stress impairs insulin signalling pathways by several molecular pathways. IST: insulin signal transduction; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; IKK-?: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B; GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase 3; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Figure 4: Oxidative stress induces insulin resistance via five major molecular pathways.
In Conclusion: -
There is an increasing body of evidence from not just 100,000?s of anecdotal accounts, 10,000?s of studies peer reviewed papers 1000?s of Bench and clinical studies confirming oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance and the improvement in IST and glucose homeostasis by using antioxidative agents. (HYDROGEN IS THE UNDISPUTABLE PANICLE OF NOT ONLY EFFECTIVE BUT BENEFICIALLY SELECTIVE, ANTIOXIDANT KNOWN TO MAN)
Jolivalt and Co in 2008, found that high levels of free radical species in brain tissue impaired IST expression and induced insulin resistance in diabetic subjects.
Multiple studies in the last 7 to 10 years, undeniably, demonstrated that antioxidative properties of Molecular Hydrogen ameliorated insulin resistance by improvement in mitochondrial function in diabetic subjects. In addition, Balbaa et al. in 2017 reported that oxidative stress downregulated IST elements in the brain of diabetic subjects and demonstrated that it could be reversed by antioxidative agents. Moreover, various other studies have proven that there is a direct improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by attenuating the inflammatory responses and oxidative damage in diabetic subjects.
Numerous other studies, have concluded the antioxidative effects of Molecular Hydrogen on insulin sensitivity and found that it markedly improved insulin resistance in diabetic subjects. Bagul et al. in 2012 reported that antioxidative properties of resveratrol reversed oxidative stress-dependent insulin resistance in diabetic rats [138]. Recently, Sachin et al. in 2019 reported that a phytochemical compound of allyl isothiocyanate significantly increased insulin sensitivity by lowering oxidative stress.
The key and common thread thru these voluminous studies and trials is simple: Control Oxidative Stress and the inflammation caused by it and you have an immensely powerful treatment for the various metabolic processes including diabetes
Compiled from a paper by H Yaribeygi, T Sathyapalan, S.L. Atkin and A Sahebkar with input from KYK SA knowledgebase
Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Department of Academic
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK
Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar 4Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, 5Biotechnology Research Center,
Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 6Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad.